Understanding ADHD

ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a developmental disorder characterised by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity.

These symptoms can significantly disrupt daily life, relationships, and academic or professional pursuits.

A person may be diagnosed with predominantly inattentive ADHD if five or more symptoms of inattention have persisted for at least six months.

Based on the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illnesses), symptoms of inattention in adults include the following:

Difficulty maintaining attention or focus
Making careless mistakes in school or in other types of work
Poor task completion
Difficulty following instructions
Not seeming to listen – ‘zoning out’
Difficulty in organising tasks and poor time management
Frequent loss of belongings
Being easily distracted by unrelated thoughts or stimuli
Forgetfulness in daily activities (paying bills, keeping appointments, returning calls etc)

An ADHD presentation that’s predominantly hyperactive / impulsive can be diagnosed if five or more symptoms of hyperactivity / impulsivity have persisted for at least six months.

Based on the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illnesses), symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity in adults include the following:

Extreme restlessness & difficulty sitting still for extended periods
Fidgeting with hands or feet / squirming in seat
Difficulty in engaging quietly in leisure activities
Running / climbing excessively (in childhood)
Talking excessively
Always ‘on the go’
Answering questions before they are asked completely
Difficulty in waiting one’s turn
Interrupting in conversations or games

Treatment options include medication, skills training, counselling, behavioural therapy, educational supports, and ADHD education.

ADHD may not be diagnosed until later in life. The challenges of education or work can often highlight ADHD symptoms. A diagnosis can help individuals make sense of their experiences and find appropriate support.

The causes of ADHD are not fully understood. Genetic factors are believed to play a significant role, but environmental factors, brain injuries, nutrition, and social environments may also contribute.